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Congressional Gold Medal Recipient
George Croghan
George Croghan b. Locust Grove, near Louisville, Jefferson, Kentucky, 15 November 1791
d. New Orleans, Orleans, Louisiana, 8 January 1849
Friday, 13 February 1835 A Resolution presenting a gold medal to George Croghan, and a sword to each of the officers under his command, for their gallantry and good conduct, in the defence of Fort Stephenson, in eighteen hundred and thirteen. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented to Colonel Croghan, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the defence of fort Stephenson, and that he present a sword to each of the following officers engaged in that affair; to Captain James Hunter, to the eldest male representative of Lieutenant Benjamin Johnston, and to Lieutenants Cyrus A. Baylor, John Meek, Ensign Joseph Duncan, and the nearest male representative of Ensign Edmund Shipp, deceased. 4 Stat. 492 George Croghan was born was born at Locust Grove, near Louisville, Kentucky, of distinguished ancestry, near Louisville, Kentucky November 15th, 1791. He was a boy of manly appearance and intelligence, and at a very early age formed a desire for military life.
He graduated from the college of William and Mary, Virginia, July 4th, 1810, and entered upon the study of law. In 1811, however, he enlisted as a private with the Kentucky volunteers under Gen'l Harrison; but before the decisive battle of Tippecanoe he was made an aide-de-camp to Gen'l Boyd, the second in command. Croghan displayed such remarkable courage in battle that on the recommendation of Gen'l Harrison, he was appointed a captain in the 17th U.S. Infantry on March 12, 1812 and his military record was excellent.
In August, 1812, his command was ordered to accompany the troops under Gen'l Winchester which started from Kentucky to the relief of Gen'l Hull at Detroit. Owing to Hull's disgraceful surrender, the plan of campaign was changed, and Winchester's command marched through the wilderness to assist Harrison in the relief of Fort Wayne, and then down the Maumee to Fort Defiance, in September, 1812. In December, Winchester started on the disastrous expedition which ended in the massacre at the River Raisin, January 23rd, 1813, leaving Croghan, in spite of his extreme youth, in command of the important post of Fort Defiance.
Captain Croghan with his command, joined Gen'l Harrison at the newly constructed Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, and participated most gallantly in defending that fort against the combined assault of Gen'l Proctor and Tecumseh. During the siege, Croghan distinguished himself greatly by a sortie made against a British battery, in an effort to afford Col. Dudley's unfortunate Kentucky volunteers and entrance into the fort. As a result of Harrison's report of this battle, Croghan was promoted to the position of major in the 17th U.S. Infantry.
Early in July, 1813 Major Croghan, with his battalion, was sent to take command of Fort Stephenson, erected in 1812 at Lower Sandusky (Fremont), which guarded the approach to Fort Seneca, where Harrison had his headquarters and stores. After an inspection of the fort by Gen'l Harrison, Croghan proposed to shift its location to higher ground on the east side of the Sandusky River. Harrison refused consent to this for the reason that the British were momentarily expected; he thereupon ordered Croghan to retreat to Huron or Fort Seneca, should the British appear in sufficient force to indicate the presence of heavy artillery.
Just previous to the battle of Fort Stephenson Croghan wrote to a friend as follows: "The enemy are not far distant. I expect an attack. I will defend this post till the last extremity. I have just sent away the women the children and the sick of garrison, that I may be able to act without encumbrance. Be satisfied. I shall, I hope do my duty. The example set me by my Revolutionary kindred is before me. Let me die rather than prove unworthy of their name."
On July 30th Gen'l Harrison, after a council of war, ordered Croghan to destroy the fort and repair to headquarters. To this order Croghan replied, confidently expecting his letter would be intercepted by the British: "We have decided to maintain this place, and by Heaven we can." Gen'l Harrison immediately sent Col. Wells to relieve Croghan of his command and order him to report at headquarters. There Croghan satisfactorily explained his insubordinate letter and was promptly restored to his command.
About 700 British Regulars, many of them veterans of Wellington's peninsular campaign, arrived on gunboats of Commodore Barclay's fleet; while Tecumseh's Indians, 2000 strong, swarmed thought the woods from the vicinity of Fort Meigs. Gen'l Proctor at once sent a messenger to the fort demanding immediate surrender, thereby avoiding, as he thought, the massacre that must surely follow. To this was returned the defiant answer: "When this fort is taken there will be none to massacre."
Firing began August 1st from the British gunboats and howitzers on shore. Croghan had but one piece of artillery, which was shifted from place to place to induce the belief he had several. During the night of the 1st the British landed three six-pounders, and on the morning of the 2nd opened fire from a point about 250 yards distant, directing their fire against the northwest angle of the fort. A redout and tablet on State Street opposite Park Avenue, in Fremont, now marks this memorable spot. Late in the afternoon, under cover of the smoke, the British assaulted with about 300 men of the 51st Regiment, while the Grenadier battalion made a feint against another portion of the fort. The assault was most gallantly made under the command of Lieut. Col. Short, who, as they leaped into the ditch, commanded to "give the Yankees no quarter." Croghan, with only 160 men reserved fire until the red coats had entered the ditch, when he fired with such fatal precision that the British faltered. He then turned his battery of a single gun opon them, and the ravine through which they were approaching was shortly filled with the dead and dying enemy. The British loss in killed and wounded was about 150, while that of Croghan was one killed and seven wounded.
Thus on the second day of August, 1813, at the age of 21 years, the heroic Croghan, against a vastly superior force, won the victory that proved the turning point in the war of 1812. For this exploit he was brevetted lieutenant colonel by the President of the United States; Congress awarded him a gold medal; and the ladies of Chillicothe, then the capital of Ohio, presented him with a beautiful sword. For his famous victory Croghan was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Army, and
Congress awarded him a Gold Medal in 1835. He resigned from the Service in 1817.
In 1825 Croghan was made inspector general with the rank of colonel and served as such with General Taylor in Mexico, 1846-47.
Colonel George Croghan died of cholera in New Orleans, January 8th, 1849. To keep alive his memory, Fremont through these succeeding years has continued to celebrate
THE SECOND DAY OF AUGUST. Fort Stephenson Park comprises the original fort as reconstructed by Croghan and contains within its stone walls its one cannon "Old Betsy;" it also contains the monument in honor of Croghan, his men and those of the war of the Rebellion. At the base of this monument was placed, August 2nd, 1906, the remains of Colonel Croghan, brought from the family burying ground in Kentucky through the instrumentality of Col. Webb C. Hayes.
Fort Stephenson is unique in being the only fort in this country preserved in its original dimension with its original armament and with the body of its Defender.
Fort Stephenson - 1812
(Lower Sandusky, Ohio)
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